friedman
佛利民著

沉明南月譯



试译001



Preface

0.1.1[1] Shortly after the initial edition of this book was published, I shifted for nearly a decade from teaching price theory to teaching monetary theory. 在这本书的最初版本出版之后不久，我就由教授价格理论转而教授货币理论，一直教了近十年。

Three years ago, I resumed teaching price theory. 三年前，我重新开始教授价格理论。

Next year (the academic year 1975-76), I plan to teach it for the last time. 下学期（1975－1976学年）我打算最后一次教价格理论。

Hence, if I were ever to revise substantially the provisional version that was published in 1962, now seemed the time to do so. 因此，如果我还要对1962年出版的暂定本进行重大修订的话，现在看来正当时候。

0.1.2 I cannot pretend that the present version is the finished treatise that I had in mind (or in youthful dreams) in the earlier years of teaching the course. 我不能妄称目前的版本是我早年教学过程中所想象的（或年青梦想的）完美论文。

But it is a much expanded and, I hope, improved version. 但它是一个显著扩充的、而且我希望是改良了的版本。

I have filled in four of the six gaps that I enumerated in the preface to the initial version. 我已经补充了我在初版的序言中所列举六个空白点的四个。

The two I have not filled in are industrial organization, for reasons given at the end of chapter 6, and the theory of general equilibrium, because there are such good extant expositions of the classical Walrasian general equilibrium approach and I am not competent to present a succinct yet faithful exposition of the more recent general equilibrium developments, particularly in the field of growth models. 我没有补充的两个是产业组织和一般均衡理论。前者的理由在第6章的末尾给出，后者是因为：关于古典的瓦尔拉斯一般均衡方法，已经有（许多）很好的现存的阐述文章，而我又不能为更近期的一般均衡（理论）发展，特别是在增长模型领域（的发展），提供一种简洁但详确的阐述。

In addition, I rather suspect that these developments are as yet in a preliminary and unsatisfactory state. 而且，我很怀疑，（一般均衡理论）到目前为止的发展仍处于初步的和不能令人满意的状态。

0.1.3 In addition to filling in the designated gaps, I have added a discussion of personal probability to complete the utility analysis of choices involving uncertainty and have inserted a largely expository lecture on the Philips curve, which I gave in September 1974 in London. 除了补充上述空白之外，我还增加了关于个人概率的讨论，以完善包含不确定性选择的效用分析，插入了一篇主要论述菲利普斯曲线的讲稿，那是我1974年9月在伦敦所作的演讲。

This topic may seem to belong in monetary theory rather than in price theory. 这个主题也许看来属于货币理论而非价格理论。

However, I believe that it belongs in both, for reasons that I trust the text makes clear. 但我相信，它同时归属于两者，我所依凭的理由在正文中说明。[2]

0.1.4 I have included in this edition, as I did in the initial version, my class reading list and a collection of the problems that I have assigned to the class to work on at home. 这个版本和初版一样，我列入了课程参考书目和指定作为班级课外作业的习题辑录。

I have been gratified at the professional attention attracted by the problems in the initial version. 初版中的问题引起了专业人士的注意，对此我非常高兴。

However, I have not kept track of the articles and notes that they have stimulated, so I cannot provide comprehensive references. 但是我没有持续跟踪这些问题所引起的文章和笔记，因此我不能提供全面的参考书目。

I have retained in this edition all the problems from the initial edition and have simply added the problems that I have assigned since then. 在这一版中，我保留了初版的所有问题，并增加了此后指定的那些问题。[3]

My heaviest debt for problems remains to Aaron Director and George J. Stigler, but I have continued to borrow from other colleagues as well. 在习题上使我受惠最多的仍然是阿伦.戴维德和乔治.史德拉，但我还不断得到其他同事的帮助。

0.1.5 In preparing this edition, I have benefited from criticisms and suggestions of a number of readers, including teachers who have used the book in their courses. 在准备这一版时，我从很多读者的批评和建议中得到教益，包括那些以本书作为教材的老师。

Marshall Colberg was particularly helpful. 其中Marshall Colberg尤有帮助。

To him and the others who sent me comments, my sincere thanks. 我要真诚感谢他和其他寄来评论的人们。

I am deeply indebted also to my secretary, Gloria Valentine, who, in preparing the manuscript for this edition, continued her unbroken record of displaying a degree of efficiency exceeded only by her good cheer. 我还要衷心感谢我的秘书，Gloria Valentine，她在准备这一版的原稿中，一直展现着一种难以企及的效率水平，也许只有在她烹制美味佳肴时才能超越吧。

0.1.6 I cannot end this preface without recording the great personal satisfaction that I have derived from teaching price theory to successive generations of able and enthusiastic graduate students. 在结束这篇序言之前，我不能不提及在为连续几届有才能而又热情的研究生教授价格理论中，所得到的极大的个人满足。

The formal structure of price theory has an aesthetic quality that has always reminded me of the famous last lines of Keats’s “Ode on a Grecian Urn”: 价格理论的形式结构具有美学的品质，它经常令我想起济慈的《希腊古瓮赋》中著名的末尾诗句：

“Beauty is truth, truth beauty.” — that is all

Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.

“美即是真，真即是美”。

这是汝辈所知世间一切，

也是所须知的世间一切。



Milton Friedman

Ely, Vermont

August 3, 1975





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[1] 陈注：这表示原文的章、节、段落。下同。

[2] 陈注：后半句翻译有疑义。或者：理由我相信在正文中加以说明了。

[3] 陈注：simply没有译出。

试译002



Preface to Price Theory: A Provisional Text

价格理论暂定本序

0.2.1 It is now more than a decade since the contents of this book were first mimeographed and used in classes in price theory at the University of Chicago. 自从本书的内容第一次油印并在芝加哥大学的价格理论课程上使用以来，已有十多年了。

Throughout that period, I have been extremely reluctant to have these notes offered for general sale. 在这期间，我很不愿意将这些笔记正式付梓。

The reluctance has derived from my dissatisfaction with their scrappy nature, from my intention to use them as a basis for a fuller and more satisfactory treatment of price theory, and from my optimistic belief that I would be able to turn to the preparation of the fuller treatment momentarily. 这是因为我不满意于笔记的杂乱无章，因为我意图以此为基础（编写出）更详尽、更令人满意的价格理论著作，也因为我乐观地认为，自己能够马上着手准备更详尽的论著。

As an empirical economist, however, I cannot neglect the evidence that has accumulated in that decade. 但作为一个实证经济学家，我不能忽略这十年间堆积的事实证据。

Clearly, I must reject the hypothesis that a fuller treatment is imminent. 显然，我必须放弃一部更加详尽的论著就近在眼前的设想。

Moreover, it has not been feasible to keep the mimeographed notes from getting fairly wide circulation. 而且，不让这个油印本广泛传播，也已经是行不通了。

Hence, despite my continued dissatisfaction with them, it has seemed best to make them generally available. 因此，尽管我始终不满意，看来最好还是让它付梓。

0.2.2 These notes had their origin in the entrepreneurship of David I. Fand when he was a student at the University of Chicago. 这些笔记起源于David I. Fand的企业家般的才能，当时他是芝加哥大学的学生。

He induced Warren J. Gustus to collaborate in preparing summaries of lectures in a two-quarter course in price theory that I have given at the University of Chicago since 1946. 他劝导Warren J. Gustus一起合作，准备了自1946年以来我在芝加哥大学所授的两学期价格理论的讲课摘要。

I went over the summaries, revised them in detail, wrote alternative versions for some, substituted previously written but unpublished material for others, and inserted, both then and at intervals since, published material that seemed particularly relevant. 我审阅了摘要，作了详细的修订，对有些地方作了改写，有些地方换用了以前所写但没有发表过的资料，而且在当时和之后，不时地插入（一些）看来特别相关的已发表的资料。

These notes would never have been brought out but for Fand’s and Gustus’s work, and I am much indebted to them. 如果没有Fand和Gustus的工作，这些笔记永远不会出现，因此我很感激他们。

0.2.3 In the present version, the reprinted material includes an article on “The ‘Welfare’ Effects of an Income Tax and an Excise Tax,” a revised version of an article that first appeared in the Journal of Political Economy, reprinted here from my Essays in Positive Economics; a few pages on statistical cost curves from a comment of mine in Business Concentration and Price Polity; part of an article of mine that appeared in David McCord Wright (ed.) The Impact of the Union; and an article on “Choice, Chance, and the Personal Distribution of Income,” reprinted from the Journal of Political Economy. 在目前这个版本中，再版的资料包括：一、一篇题为《所得税和消费税的“福利”效应》的文章，是首次发表在政治经济学杂志上的文章的修订版，这里重印自我的《实证经济学论文集》；二、我的关于《商业集中和价格政策》的评论中有关统计成本曲线的若干页[1]；三、我发表于David McCord Wright主编的《工会的冲击力》中的文章的一部分；四、重印自政治经济学杂志的《选择、机会和收入的个人分配》一文。

I am indebted to the University of Chicago Press, Princeton University Press, and David McCord Wright for permission to reprint. 我感谢芝加哥大学出版社、普林斯顿大学出版社和David McCord Wright允许我重印相关资料。

0.2.4 In teaching the course on price theory since these notes have been available, I have found that the chief gaps in them, which it is necessary to supplement by class presentation, are in respect to (1) the theory of the division of income between current consumption and the accumulation of wealth; 自从有了这些笔记之后，在教授价格理论课程中，我发现还有一些必须在课堂介绍中加以补充的主要空白点。包括：（1）在现期消费和财富积累之间分配收入的理论；

(2) industrial organization, with special reference to problems in the economics of the individual firm; （2）产业组织，特别是关于单个厂商（规模）经济的问题；

(3) fact and theory about the size distribution of income; （3）关于收入规模分布的事实和理论；

(4) the theory of profits; 利润理论；

(5) capital theory — the final section of the notes on this topic have turned out to be too succinct and condensed, particularly with respect to the arithmetic of the relation between income streams and capital values and the stock-flow analysis embeded in that section; 资本理论——笔记中关于这个主题的最后部分写得过于简练和浓缩，特别是这部分中关于收入流和资本价值关系、存量－流量分析的计算方面。[2]

and (6) the theory of general equilibrium. （6）一般均衡理论。

0.2.5 I have added to this version of the notes two appendixes that may help to fill these gaps as well as supplement the notes. 在笔记的这一版中，我增加了两个附录，它们也许有助于弥补这些空白，也有助于增补该笔记。

Appendix A gives the reading list that I have used in my course. 附录A给出了我在课程中使用过的参考书目。

Appendix B gives a collection of some of the problems that I have assigned to the class to work on during our so-called reading period. 附录B给出了我布置学生在所谓阅读时间内要作的一些习题的辑录。[3]

The problems are in two parts, those in part 1 having been assigned during the first quarter and those in part 2 during the second quarter. 这些习题包括两个部分，第一部分在第一学季布置，第二部分在第二学季布置。

For want of any better sequence, I have listed them in each part simply in the chronological order in which they were assigned. 因没有更好的顺序安排，在每一部分（习题）中，我仅仅按照它们当时被布置的时间顺序排列。

I have used the part 1 problems primarily as a means to fill the gap numbered (2) above; hence, these deal mostly with the interpretation of industrial practices. 第一部分的问题我主要用于弥补上述第（2）个空白点；因此它们主要涉及阐述产业实践。

The answers to some of these problems can now be found in the literature, but I have made no attempt to give references. 一部分习题的答案现在可以从文献中找到，但我没有试图给出参考书目。

As every teacher knows, class problems and exam questions are almost community property. 正如每位教师都知道的，课堂习题和测试问题几乎是共有财产。

I cannot myself trace the source of most of the problems given, except that I know my heaviest debts are to Aaron Director and George J. Stigler, from whom I have borrowed shamelessly. 对于本书所给出的大部分习题，我自己都无法追溯其来源，只知道使我受惠最多的是阿伦.戴维德和乔治.史德拉。从他们那里，我无所顾忌地借用了（很多习题）。



Milton Friedman







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[1] 陈注：这个分句翻译有异议，特别是专用名词Business Concentration and Price Polity。

[2] 陈注：the arithmetic of后面管一个还是管两个，不明确。

[3] 陈注：这里似乎与前一个序言有矛盾：到底是课堂习题还是课外习题？或者我理解错了？关键是reading period。

试译003


试译者记

佛利民的这本书应该是经典吧。就在这第二版出版的一九七六，佛利民获得了诺贝尔经济学奖。而张五常说：“学术上，佛老的最大贡献是在价格理论那方面……他把价格理论提升了一个层面。”（《佛利民的学术贡献》）。这可做外证，文本自身提供了内证。我虽远未融会贯通，在阅读中还是常常感觉到深不可测，嚼味无穷，叹为观止。

我用二十月的业余闲暇时间，将这书过了四遍，一读一抄二译，成果就是这个样子。初学者的试译，所谓“信、达、雅”，只敢问第一层的“信”是否基本达成，其余不敢奢望。还要继续不断地学习、揣摩、理解、修改、润色，目标有三：一是经济学理论，二是英文学习，三是中语表达。远期规划是继续攻读史德拉的《价格理论》和艾智仁的《交换与生产》，再远期规划……不说也罢。子曰：譬如平地，虽覆一篑，进，吾往也。

我是实在读不懂商务印书馆一九九四译本，才硬着头皮啃原著的。得到的经验是：经典一定要读原文，读译本就像吃人家嚼过的饭一样，变味不说，国内译本往往倒人胃口。对我这个试译本，大家更应对照原文推敲。我只是学习，务请大家多指点。

另请注意，我所抄的原文版本是：First published 1976 by Aldine Publishing Company。如果图书馆里有原版书，大家可以对照。

全部原文和译注约40万字，按照现在这样的进度，估计得300期。大家坚持得住吗，我坚持得住吗，博主坚持得住吗？估计不易，试试看吧。

沉明南月

试译004

5.The Relationships Between Supply Curves and Cost Curves
译注：这应该就是传说中的第五章！张五常教授在《供给的行为》中提到：想当年，我拿佛利民的价格理论讲义的第五章，重读又重读，读到纸碎风飞，对成本与竞争的关系得到启发。他当年的讲义，一九六二年出版成书，今天市场上还可以买到，第五章还是那第五章，学子们不要错过了。

The Definition of a Supply Curve
5.1.1 Consider a two-dimensional graph in which the quantity of a commodity per unit time is measured along the horizontal axis and price per unit of the commodity is measured along the vertical axis (Figure 5.1). 来看一张二维曲线图，横轴量度每单位时间的商品数量，纵轴量度每单位商品的价格（如图5.1）。


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Each point on this graph denotes a combination of a price and a quantity. 图中每一点表示价格和数量的组合。

For a specific group of suppliers (which may as a special case consist of a single firm), a specific commodity, and given conditions of supply (to be defined more explicitly below), some of these points will be attainable in the sense that the suppliers would be willing to supply the indicated quantity at the indicated price, whereas others will be unattainable in the sense that the suppliers would not be willing to supply the indicated quantity at the indicated price. 对于一个特定的供应商群体（特殊情况下，它可能由单一厂商组成），一种特定的商品，以及给定的供应条件（下面将更明确地加以定义）而言，其中一些点可以达到——即供应商愿意在指定的价格上供应指定的数量；而另一些点不能达到——即供应商不愿在指定的价格上供应指定的数量。

The supply curve of the specific group for the specific commodity is the boundary line between those points that are and those that are not attainable under the given conditions of supply. 特定供应商群体对特定商品的供给曲线，就是给定供应条件下，在能够达到的点和不能达到的点之间的分界线。

5.1.2 For a full description, the supply curve must be accompanied by a specification of (a) the alternatives considered open to the suppliers and (b) which of the two areas into which the supply curve divides the space contains the attainable points. 更完整地说，供给曲线必定伴随着两方面的具体说明：（a）供应商的选择余地；（b）由供给曲线分割开来的两块区域，哪一块包含了可实现的点。

5.1.3 As an example of the meaning of (a), the supply curve will be one thing if the suppliers are considered as having the alternative of supplying either the indicated quantity at the indicated price or nothing at all; it will be quite different if they are considered as having the alternative of supplying either the indicated quantity or any smaller quantity at the indicated price. 举例说明（a）的含义：如果供应商的选择余地是或者在指定的价格上供应指定的数量，或者什么也不供应，其供给曲线是一回事；而如果是在指定的价格上或者供应指定数量，或者任何较小数量，其供给曲线则是完全不同的另一回事。

In general, we shall suppose the latter to be the alternative open to suppliers. 通常，我们假设后者是供应商的选择范围。

5.1.4 The relevance of (b) is exemplified in Figure 5.1, in which the shaded areas designate the attainable points. 而（b）的确切含义由图5.1例示，图中阴影区域表示可实现的点。

The supply curve in Figure 5.1(a) can be described in either of two ways: as showing the maximum quantity that would be supplied at a specified price or as showing the minimum price at which a specified quantity would be supplied. 图5.1（a）中的供给曲线可以两种方式来描述：或者是指在特定价格上所供应的最大数量；或者是指供应某个特定数量的最低价格。

The supply curve in Figure 5.1(b) can be described in only one of these ways: as showing the maximum quantity that would be supplied at a specified price. 图5.1（b）中的供给曲线只能以这些方式中的一种来描述：表示特定价格上所供应的最大数量。

The supply curve in Figure 5.1(c) shows only the minimum price at which a specified quantity would be supplied. 图5.1（c）中的供给曲线则只显示了供应某个特定数量的最低价格。

The negatively sloped portion of a supply curve like that in Figure 5.1(b) is frequently referred to as a “backward-bending” supply curve; a supply curve like that in Figure 5.1(c) is referred to as a “forward-falling” supply curve. 图5.1（b）中的供给曲线的负斜率部分就是通常所谓的“向后弯曲”的供给曲线；图5.1（c）中的供给曲线则是所谓的“向前下降”的供给曲线。

The segment of a supply curve in Figure 5.1(d) is not completely defined; if points to the left of it are attainable, it is a “backward-bending” supply curve; if points above it are, it is a “forward-falling” supply curve. 图5.1（d）中的供给曲线线段没有确切的定义；如果曲线左边的各点是可实现的，那么它是“向后弯曲”的供给曲线；如果曲线上面的各点是可实现的，那么它是“向前下降”的供给曲线。

5.1.5 There is some uncertainty as to how best to specify “given condition of supply”, i.e., what other things it is generally appropriate to hold the same. 在如何恰当说明“供给的给定条件”，也即哪些其他因素通常适合于保持不变方面，并非不言而喻、确切无疑。

However, this problem has little bearing on the issues to be discussed here, so we shall follow what seems to be current practice and include in the “other things” requiring explicit mention at least (1) technical knowledge —“the state of the arts;” (2) the prices of commodities closely related to this commodity in production (e.g., the price of wool for the supply curve of mutton, the price of industrial structures for the supply curve of residential housing); and (3) the supply curves of factors of production to the specific group of suppliers considered. 但是，这个问题与现在讨论的议题关系不大，因此我们遵循那些似乎是当前惯例的内容，并至少需要将以下几方面明确涵盖在“其他因素”中：（1）技术知识，即“技术发展水平”；（2）与生产中的商品密切相关的其他商品价格（例如，讨论羊肉供给曲线时的羊毛价格，讨论住宅建筑供给曲线时的工业建筑的价格）；（3）讨论中的具体供应商群体所面临的生产要素供给曲线。

5.1.6 It should be noted that the “specific group” for which a supply curve is constructed need not include all suppliers of the “specific commodity” for which it is constructed. 请注意，供给曲线所指认的“特定供应商群体”，并不需要包括所指认的“特定商品”的全部供应商。

For example, the “specific group” could be “producer of wheat in Iowa”; the commodity could be wheat in general, whether produced in Iowa or elsewhere. 例如，“特定群体”可以是“爱荷华州的小麦生产者”；而商品可以是普通小麦，无论产于爱荷华还是其他地方。

As another example, the “specific group” could be an individual firm; the commodity, a product produced by many such firms which together comprise an industry. 又如，“特定群体”可以是单一厂商；而商品可以是由组成一个产业的众多同类厂商所生产的产品。

5.1.7 Note that item 3 holds constant the supply curves of the factors of production to the specific group. 注意，上述第三点是要求特定群体面临的生产要素供给曲线保持不变。

Accordingly, its content may change as one proceeds from, say, a firm to an industry. 因此，当供给曲线是取自一个产业而非一家厂商时，这一点的实质内容会发生变化。

To the firm, for example, the supply curves of some factors may be considered horizontal, so that item 3 is equivalent to holding their prices constant. 例如，对于厂商而言，一些要素的供给曲线可视为水平的，因此第三点等于是说要素价格不变。

To the industry, the supply curves of these same factors may not be horizontal, so item 3 is equivalent to permitting their prices to vary along the supply curve. 而对于产业而言，这些要素的供给曲线就不会是水平的，因此第三点等于是允许要素价格沿供给曲线变化。

5.1.8 Note also that this definition of a supply curve holds for both short-run and long-run supply curves. 还有注意，供给曲线的这个定义对短期和长期供给曲线都适用。

The difference between short-run and long-run curves is in the precise content of item 3, i.e., the assumed shapes of supply curves of factors. 长短期曲线的区别在于第三点的准确内涵，也即假定的要素供给曲线的形状。

The shorter the run, the larger the number of factors whose supply curves will be taken as vertical or nearly so. 期限越短，越多要素的供给曲线会是垂直或接近垂直的。

这个译本据说暂时难出版了