注释:
1、美国独立战争的负面短期经济影响在Nussbanm (1925),Taylower(1932), Philips(1929,
PP115-19) Deane and Cole(1967,P48)中有记载;美国内战的负面短期经济影响在Woodward (1951,PP120-40)有记载。
2、渐进主义和震荡疗法之间的论战从埃德蒙得凡( Admund Burke, 1790)和法国大革
命者之间的论战算起已有很长的历史。奥尔森(Olson,1982)是震荡疗法一位近来的支持者,他论证说一个稳定的秩序使寻租制度化。而革命和动乱却能打破制度化寻租。哈耶克(Hayek,1945,1960)是勃克的自发秩序和制度的逐步演进观点的一个近来支持者。认为英国的渐进主义和法国的震荡疗法共存比两者之一单独存在更好也许是公正的。
3、 近来对市场社会主义的批评和捍卫能从巴德汗和罗默(Bardhan and Roemer(eds.)
1993)
中找到。
4、俄罗斯在两个阶段按不变价计算的增长率见米切尔(Mitchell,1998,PP912,919)。这对米塞斯和哈耶克来说是不可思议的。正是因为这一令人瞩目的增长绩效,萨缪尔森和
许多其他经济学家甚至不能在苏联解体在即时感觉到苏联经济体制将要发生的崩溃(见斯高林(Skousen, 1997)。
5、这样的政府投资规划与第5节讨论的大推进工业化理论相当一致。在苏联,计划当局对资本主义工业模式和大推进工业化模仿的文件记载能从扎勒斯基(Zaleski,1980)找到。列宁(Lenin,1939)勾勒出他对资本主义工业化特征的理解,后来苏联计划当局模仿了它。中国的大推进工业化的记载能从房(1984)找到。
6、 对于苏联式经济体制下物资平衡过程的运作,世界银行(World Bank, 1984)提供了
详细的记录。
7、 社会主义经济的早期文献集中于社会主义体制的特征(4)上,而几乎没有关注特征
(2)、(3)和(5)。事实上,(5)在社会主义体制下,(6)综合性的政府投资规划比日常生产计划的平衡 重要得多。科尔奈的软预算约束理论集中在特征(5)上。
8、瑞斯金(Riskin,1987)和世界银行(1984)记载了建立一种苏联式社会主义体制的过程。
9、钱颖一(Qian,即出)记载了毛泽东在1958-1960年和1969-1975两次行政分权。
从毛的中 国到改革时代制度安排的演进特征也能通过把以下信息源汇集而确定:
布鲁恩(Bruun,1993),格兰尼克(Granick,1990)刘(Liu,1992),倪和细京(Nee and Sijin,1993)欧(Oi,1986),帕金斯主编(Perkins,eds, 1977),瑞斯金(Riskin,1971,1987),斯格曼 (Schurmann,1968), 索林格(Solinger,1992),万格尔(Vogel,1989),沃尔德(Walder,1986,
1992a,b), 万克(Wank, 1992),王(Wong 1985,1986a,b)。
10、中国户籍制度演变的一个非常详尽的记录,见程(Cheng,1991),涵盖了这种制度的最近变化的这个论文的一个最新版本,也能从程得到。根据他的信息,在中国,市居民比农村居民有更多的投票权。
11、派泼(Pipe,1999,P152)认为中世纪议会制度在英国的兴起和在西班牙和法国的衰落的原因是英国相对于西班牙和法国规模小。
12、关于中华人民共和国宪法的历史及近来的修改,见皮伦(Pilon),杨(Yang,1994)和钱(Qian,1999).
13、关于双轨制的代价见罗兰(Roland, 2000,P15,P198).
14、具体而言,使用1952-57年期间产量的增长率,1982-91年水稻和小麦的产量水平落在
1952年产量水平外推的直线上。
15、对将来土地使用权的广泛的不确定性的这一发现解释了为什么中国尽管有租约转移的立法,农村土地市场出人意料的不活跃这个长期困惑。关于另一个案例研究,见“中国农民,没有权利意味着没有激励”,《纽约时报》,1996年12月15日。
16、数据来自《乡镇企业年鉴1992》,李(Li,1999)记录了广东省顺德市乡镇企业通过转变为公众控股公司而自发私有化的一个例子,据他的信息,从1980年代末起,一个长期的自发私有化过程已经把该市的大多数乡镇企业转变为股份公司,在1990年代末,私人企业在这个市场成了主导角色,然而腐败、掠夺和其他国家机会主义猖獗。
17、通常认为红帽子私人企业的数量比已登记的私人企业数量多。一份1993年调查发现在河北省一个县有至少1000家私人企业,而官方数字是8家(“企业动摇保护盖”,《中国日报》1995年3月31日)。
18、“困在意识形态的泥坑里”,《中国日报》1993年6月2日。
19、“与社会主义市场理论成功结合”,《中国日报》1993年12月15日。
20、欧(Oi)认为,县政府是公司总部,乡镇政府是地区总部,村庄是公司。
21、中国的城市化程度远低于人均收入相近的资本主义经济(何,1997,P275)
22、不顾地方私人银行对经济发展的重大贡献,政府仍然遵循禁止私人银行业的规定,关闭了许多地方私人银行。(Lardy,1998a,PP53-57)。
23、尽管沃尔德(Walder,1995a)不接受“私人激励”假说,他承认它的合理性。
24、“创记录的国有部门亏损”,《南华早报》,1996年6月29日。
25、这种国有企业过度奖赏工人的倾向在1984年得到官方的承认,那时政府引进一种累进的奖金税来控制开始于1979年的慷慨发放奖金。4个月的基本工资以下的年度奖金,被免除资金税,但第5个月的奖金要求国有企业支付100%的奖金税,第6个月的奖金将课以200%的奖金税,第7个月的奖金将课以300%的奖金税,依此类推。
26、报告已经由瑞纳兹(Reynolds, 1987)以英文出版。
27、这些间接转移被列到生产成本或从折旧基金列支的投资支出项下,掩盖额外补偿的足智多谋给人深刻印象。陈(Chen,1994)报告说,政府为了控制通货膨胀已对工资和奖金水平进行管制,在一些企业,具有比银行存款高的保证利率并附加分红的(工人的)股份,不过是提高工资和奖金水平的一个策略。
28、匿名存款制一方面能够保护私人财产防止国家掠夺,另一方面它也保护了洗黑钱和与之相联系的腐败。因为制度化的国家机会主义,随着私有部门的发展,中国政府的征税能力迅速减弱。因此白等人(Bai, et al,1999)把与利率的控制相结合的匿名存款制,当作政府间接向
居民征税的一种有效方式。但这再一次产生了效率和对腐败的容忍造成的不公正之间的两难冲突。
29、“中国城市变成私有化雏形”,《华尔街日报》,1995年6月10日,也见“黑龙江把200家企业押上断头台”,《中国日报》,1996年6月7日。
30、1993年10月中国有3800家股份合作公司。(He,1997,P53)
31、陈和周(1996)记录了在这个期间出现的大型私人公司和国家掠夺私人企业的许多实例。
32、根据邢(1999),中国的国际收支平衡表的’错误和遗漏‘项下的巨大数字,反映了大规模的资本外逃。这个数字1994、1995、1996、1997年分别是98亿、178亿、156亿和169亿元。
33、中国的基尼系数从1978年的0.2上升到1994年的0.433(He,1997,P25),她认为官方1994年的基尼系数因为富人隐瞒的不法收入而低估了不平等。她援引一个基尼系数非官方的估计,1995年为0.59,相反,在经济发展的起飞阶段,台湾的基尼系数从1950年代的0.53下降到1970年代的0.33(Fei,Ranis,and Kuo,1979)。
文献目录
Aghion, P., Bacchetta, P., and Banerjee, A. (1998): "Capital Markets and the Instability of Open Economies", Working paper, presented at Harvard University and MIT Growth and Development Seminar.
Alchian, A. and Demsetz, H. (1972), "Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization", American Economic Review, 62, 777-95.
Bai, Chong-En, David D. Li, and Yingyi Qian, Yijiang Wang. (1999)."Anonymous Banking and Financial Repression: How Does China's Reform Limit the Government's Predation without Reducing Its Revenue?" Mimeo, Stanford University.
Bardhan, P. and Roemer, J. eds. (1993), Market Socialism, the Current Debate, Oxford University Press.
Barzel, Y. (1997), "Property Rights and the Evolution of the State,” memeo. and “Third-party Enforcement and the State,” memeo. Department of Economics, University of Washington.
Beik, Paul H. ed. (1970), The French Revolution. New York, Harper & Row.
Blanchard, Olivier. (1997). Economics of Post-Communism Transition, Oxford University Press.
Bouin, Olivier. (forthcoming) "Financial Discipline and State Enterprise Reform in China in the 1990s," in Olivier Bouin, Fabrizio Coricelli and Francoise Lemoine (ed.), Different Paths to a Market Economy: China and European Economies in Transition, OECD, Paris.
Bruun, O. (1993), Business and Bureaucracy in a Chinese City, Chinese Research Monographs No. 43. Berkeley, Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California.
Buchanan, James M. (1989), Explorations into Constitutional Economics. College Station, Texas A&M University Press.
Burke, Edmund, (1790), Reflections on the French Revolution. ed. by W. Alison Phillips and Catherine Beatrice Phillips. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1912.
Burtless, Gary (1995), "International Trade and the Rise in Earnings Inequality." Journal of Economic Literature. 33, 800-16.
Byrd, W. (1983), "Enterprise-Level Reforms in Chinese State-Owned Industry", American Economic Review, No. 73, pp. 329-32.
Byrd, W. (1988), "The Impact of the Two-Tier Plan Market System in Chinese Industry", Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 11, No. 3, September 1987, pp. 295-308. Reprinted in Reynolds, Bruce L., Chinese Economic Reform: How Far, How Fast?, Academic Press, London.
Byrd, William. (1991).The Market Mechanism and Economic Reforms in China. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
Byrd, W. and Tidrick, G. (1987), "Factor Allocation and Enterprises Incentives", in Tidrick, Gene and Chen, Jiyuan (eds), China's Industrial Reform, New York, Oxford University Press.
Chang, Chun; and Yijiang Wang. (1994). "The Nature of the Township Enterprises." Journal of Comparative Economics, 1994, 19, pp. 434-452.
Che, Jiahua (1999) "From the Grabbing Hand to the Helping Hand", Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Notre Dame.
Chen, Aimin (1994), "Chinese Industrial Structure in Transition: The Emergence of Stock-offering Firms," Comparative Economic Studies, Vol. 36, No. 4, Winter, pp. 1-19.
Chen, Yinan and Zhou, Zhiren (eds) (1996) Chuangye Zhifu Bushi Mong (It is not a Dream to Make a Fortune from Entrepreneurship), Hainan International News Center.
Cheng, T. (1991): "The Present and Future of China's Residential Registration System". Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, North-East University.
Cheung, S. (1974), "A Theory of Price Control," Journal of Law and Economics, 17, 53-71.
Cheung, Steven N. S. (1996), "A Simplistic General Equilibrium Theory of Corruption," Contemporaty Economic Policy, 14, 1-5.
Cook, Linda (1993). The Soviet Social Contract and Why It Failed: Welfare Policy and Workers' Politics from Brezhnev to Yeltsin, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Crafts, N. (1997), “Endogenous Growth: Lessons for and from Economic History.” D. Kreps and K. Wallis eds. Advances in Economics and Econometrics: Theory and Applications, Vol. II. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Deane, Phyllis and Cole, William (1967), British Economic Growth, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Dernberger, Robert. (1988) "Financing China's Development: Needs, Sources and Prospects," in Robert Dernberger and Richard Eckaus, Financing Asian Development 2: China and India, University Press of America, pp.12-68.
Dewatripont, Mathias; and G ard Roland.(1996), "Transition as a Process of Large Scale Institutional Change," in David Kreps and Kenneth Wallis (eds.), Advances in Economics and Econometrics: Theory and Applications, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ding, Guoxiang, Yan, Qingzeng, and Yang, Xun, eds. (1995), Zhongguo Nongchun Gaige Jishi (A Bibliographical Record of Events in China's Rural Reform), Shanxi Economic Publishing House.
Fan, Gang and Wing Thye Woo (1996), "State Enterprise Reform as a Source of Macroeconomic Instability," Asian Economic Journal, November.
Fang Weizhong ed. (1984), Jinji Dashi Ji (Major Economic Events in the People's Republic of China, 1949-1980), Beijing, Chinese Social Science Press.
Friedman, M. (1962), Capitalism and Freedom, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Furubotn, E. and Pejovich, S. (eds.) (1974), The Economics of Property Rights. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Company.
Granick, D. (1990), Chinese State Enterprises: A Regional Property Rights Analysis, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Gray, Cheryl and Hendley, Kathryn (1997), "Developing Commercial Law in Transition Economies: Examples from Hungary and Russia." in J. Sachs and K. Pistor eds. The Rule of Law and Economic Reform in Russia, Westview Press.
Hayek, F. (1940), "Socialist Calculation III: The Competitive 'Solution'," Economica, 7, 125-49.
Hayek, F. (1944), The Road to Serfdom, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Hayek, F. (1960), The Constitution of Liberty, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Hayek, F. (1988), The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
He, Qinglian (1997), The Primary Capital Accumulation in Contemporary China, Mirror Book, Hong Kong.
Hellman, Joel (1997, p.56), "Constitutions and Economic Reforms in the Post-Communist Transitions." in Sachs and Pistor The Rule of Law and Economic Reform in Russia, Boulder, Westview Press.
Hua, Sheng, Zhang, Xuejuen, and Lo, Xiaopen (1988), "Ten Years in China's Reform: Looking Back, Reflection, and Prospect," Economic Research, No 9, 11, 12, Beijing.
Huang, Z. (1993), "Current Development of the Private Firms in the Mainland China," Economic Outlook, Vol. 8. No. 32, 87-91
Jian, Tianlun, Jeffrey Sachs and Andrew Warner, (1996), "Trends in Regional Inequality in China," China Economic Review, Vol. 7 No. 1, Spring, pp. 1-21.
Jin, Hehui; and Yingyi Qian. (1998),"Public vs. Private Ownership of Firms: Evidence from Rural China." Quarterly Journal of Economics, August 1998, 113(3), pp. 773-808. 52
Johnson, D. Gale, (1994), "Does China Have a Grain Problem?" China Economic Review, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 1-14.
Kornai, J. (1980), Economics of Shortage, Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Kornai, J. (1991), The Road to a Free Economy, New York: Norton.
Kornai, J. (1992), The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Kornai, Janos. (1986),"The Hungarian Reform Process: Visions, Hopes, and Reality." Journal of Economic Literature, December 1986, 24, pp. 1687-1737.
La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., and Vishny, R. (forthcoming), "The Quality of Government", Journal of Law, Economics and Organization.
Lange, J. and F. Taylor, (1964), On the Economic Theory of Socialism. New York: McGraw Hill.
Lardy, Nicholas, (1998). China's Unfinished Economic Revolution, The Brookings Institution.
Lau, L. and Song, D-H. (1992), "Growth versus Privatization: An Alternative Strategy to Reduce the Public Enterprise Sector: The Experience Taiwan and South Korea", Working Paper, Department of Economics, Stanford University.
Lenin, V. (1939), Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, New York, International Publishers.
Li, David (1994), "The Behavior of Chinese State Enterprises under the Dual Influence of the Government and the Market," University of Michigan, manuscript.
Li, Junhui (1999), "Shunde de Zhuangzhi (The Transformation of the Ownership System in Shunde County)," Economic Highlights, No. 36, p. 3.
Li, Wei (1997). "The Impact of Economic Reform on the Performance of Chinese State Enterprises, 1980-1989."Journal of Political Economy, 105(5), 1081-1106.
Lin, J. Y. (1998), “The Current State of China's Economic Reforms,” in James Dorn, eds. China in the New Millennium: Market Reforms and Social Development, Washington, D.C., CATO Institute.
Lio, M. (1996), Three Assays on Increasing Returns and Specialization: A Contribution to New Classical Microeconomic Approach, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, the National Taiwan University.
Lio, M. (1998), “Uncertainty, Insurance, and Division of Labor,” Review of Development Economics, 2, 76-86.
Liu, Yia-Ling, (1992), "Reform From Below: The Private Economy and Local Politics in the Rural Industrialization of Wenzhou," China Quarterly, 130, 293-316.
Luo, Xiaopeng. (1994), "Gaige yu Zhongguo Dalude Denji Chanquan (Reforms and Property Rights based on Ranking in Mainland China", Modern China Studies, No. 41, 31-45.
Mao, Yushi (1999), "Zhengfu Ruhe Bangzu Qiye He Bangzu Jiuye (How Can the Government Assist Firms and Employment)?" Economic Highlights, No. 37, p. 1.
Mao, Zedong (1977a), Selected Works of Mao Zedong, Volume 5. Beijing: People's Press.
Mao, Tse-tung (1977b), A Critique of Soviet Economics, Translated by Moss Roberts, annotated by Richard Levy, with an introduction by James Peck. New York, Monthly Review Press.
Maskin, Eric and Chenggang Xu (1999), “Soft Budget Constraint Theories: From Centralization to the Market”, Working Paper, Department of Economics, Harvard University.
McMillan, John. (1996), "Markets in Transition," in David Kreps and Kenneth Wallis (eds.), Advances in Economics and Econometrics: Theory and Applications, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Men Qinguo (1988), " On the Ownership Structure of Modern Corporation," Young Economists Forum, No 4, Tianjin.
Meng, Xin and Frances Perkins, (1996), "The Destination of China's Enterprise Reform: A Case Study from a Labor Market Perspective," Australian National University, August.
Minami, Ryoshin and Susumu Hondai, (1995), "An Evaluation of the Enterprise Reform in China: Income Share of Labor and Profitability in the Machine Industry," Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, Vol. 36, No. 2, December, pp. 125-143.
Mitchell, B. R. (1998), International historical statistics : Europe, 1750-1993. London, Macmillan Reference; New York, N.Y., Stockton Press
Mokyr, Joel (1990) The Lever of Richs: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress, New York, Oxford University Press.
Mokyr, Joel (1993) (ed.) The British Industrial Revolution, An Economic Perspective, Boulder, Westview Press.
Mokyr, Joel, (1993), “The New Economic History and the Industrial Revolution,” in Mokyr, J. ed. The British Industrial Revolution: An economic perspective, Boulder and Oxford: Westview Press.
Mueller, M. (1998), "China's Telecommunications Sector and the WTO: Can China Conform to the Telecom Regulatory Principles?" in James Dorn, eds. China in the New Millennium: Market Reforms and Social Development, Washington, D.C., CATO Institute.
Naughton, Barry, (1994a), "Chinese Institutional Innovation and Privatization from Below," American Economic Review, Vol. 84 Vol. 2, May, pp. 266-270.
Naughton, Barry, (1994b), "What is Distinctive about China's Economic Transition? State Enterprise Reform and Overall System Transformation," Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 18, No. 3, June, pp. 470-490.
Nee, V. and Sijin, S. (1993), "Local Corporatism and Informal Privatization in China's Market Transition", Working Paper on Transitions from State Socialism No. 93-2. Einaudi Center for International Studies, Cornell.
Nee, Victor, (1996), "Changing Mechanisms of Stratification in China," American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 101 No. 4, January, pp.908-949.
Nettels, Curtis (1962), The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775-1815, New York.
Ng, Y-K. and Yang, X. (1997): "Specialization, Information, and Growth: a Sequential Equilibrium Analysis". Review of Development Economics. 1, 257-74.
Nolan, Peter, (1993), State and Market in the Chinese Economy: Essays on Controversial Issues, MacMillan, London.
North, D. (1994), "Economic Performance through Time,” American Economic Review. 84, 359-68.
North, Douglass and Weingast, Barry (1989), “Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England,” Journal of Economic History, XLIX, pp 803-32.
North, Douglass. (1997), "The Contribution of the New Institutional Economics to an Understanding of the Transition Problem." WIDER Annual Lectures, March.
Nussbaum, Frederick (1925) "American Tobacco and French Politics, 1783-1789," Political Science Quarterly, 40, 501-503.
Oi, J. (1986), "Commercializing China's Rural Cadres." Problems of Communism, 35, 1-15.
Oi, Jean (1995), "The Role of the Local Government in China's Transitional Economy," China Quarterly. 144, 1132-49.
Oi, Jean. (1992),"Fiscal Reform and the Economic Foundations of Local State Corporatism in China." World Politics, October, 45(1).
Olson, Mancur (1982), The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities. New Haven, Yale University Press.
Owen, T. (1997), "Autocracy and the Rule of Law in Russian Economic History," in J. Sachs and K. Pistor eds. The Rule of Law and Economic Reform in Russia, Westview Press.
Pei, M. (1998), "The Growth of Civil Society in China." in James Dorn, eds. China in the New Millennium: Market Reforms and Social Development, Washington, D.C., CATO Institute.
Peng, Yusheng, (1992), "Wage Determination in Rural and Urban China: A Comparison of Public and Private Industrial Sectors," American Sociological Review, Vol. 57 No. 2, April, pp. 198-213.
Perkins, D. (1988), "Reforming China's Economic System", Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXVI, pp. 601-45.
Perkins, D., ed. (1977), Rural Small-Scale Industry in China, Berkeley, University of California Press.
Perkins, Frances, Zheng Yuxing and Cao Yong, (1993), "The Impact of Economic Reform on Productivity Growth in Chinese Industry: A Case of Xiamen Special Economic Zone," Asian Economic Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 107-146.
Philips, Ulrich (1929), Life and Labor in the Old South, Boston, Little, Brown, and Company.
Pilon, Roger (1998), "A Constitution of Liberty for China", China in The New Millennium: Market Reforms and Social Development, CATO Institute, Washington, D.C.
Ping, Xinqiao (1988), "The Reform of the Ownership System, Property Rights, and Management,"
Pipe, R. (1999), Property and Freedom, New York, Alfred Knopf.
Pistor, K. (1997), "Company Law and Corporate Governance in Russia," in J. Sachs and K. Pistor eds. The Rule of Law and Economic Reform in Russia, Westview Press.
Prosterman, Roy, Tim Hanstad and Ping Li, (1996), "Can China Feed Itself?" Scientific American, November, pp. 90-96.
Qian, Y. (1994a), "Incentives and Loss of Control in an Optimal Hierarchy", Review of Economic Studies, 61(3), 527-44.
Qian, Y. (1994b), "A Theory of Shortage in Socialist Economies based on the ‘Soft Budget Constraint’ ", American Economic Review, 84, 145-56.
Qian, Y. (forthcoming), "The Process of China's Market Transition (1978-98): The Evolutionary, Historical, and Comparative Perspectives." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics.
Qian, Yingyi, (1999), "The Institutional Foundations of China's Market Transition", Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics.
Qian, Yingyi; and Barry R. Weingast. (1997), "Federalism As a Commitment to Preserving Market Incentives." Journal of Economic Perspectives, Fall, 11(4), pp. 83-92.
Qian, Yingyi; and Gérard Roland. (1998), "Federalism and the Soft Budget Constraint." American Economic Review, December, 88(5), pp. 1143-1162.
Qian, Yingyi; Gérard Roland; and Chenggang Xu. (1999)"Coordinating Changes in M-form and U-form Organizations." Mimeo, Stanford University.
Rawski, Thomas, (1986), "Overview: Industry and Transport," in U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, China's Economy Looks Toward the Year 2000: Volume 1. The Four Modernizations, May.
Reynolds, Bruce (ed.) (1987), Reform in China: Challenges and Choices, M.E. Sharpe, New York.
Riskin, C. (1971), "Small Industry and the Chinese Model of Development," China Quarterly, 46, 245-73.
Riskin, Carl (1987), China's Political Economy: The Quest for Development Since 1949, Studies of the East Asian Institute of Columbia University, Oxford University Press, 1987.
Roland, Gerard (2000), Politics, Markets and Firms: Transition and Economics, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
Ronnas, Per, (1993), "Township Enterprises in Sichuan and Zhejiang: Establishment and Capital Generation," National Workshop on Rural Industrialization in Post-Reform China, Beijing, China, October.
Sachs, J. (1993): Poland's Jump to the Market Economy. Cambridge, MA, MIT.
Sachs, J. (1994), "Notes on the Life Cycle of State-led Industrialization," Japan and World Economy, 8, 153-74.
Sachs, J. and Pistor, K. (1997), "Introduction: Progress, Pitfalls, Scenarios, and Lost Opportunities," in J. Sachs and K. Pistor eds. The Rule of Law and Economic Reform in Russia, Westview Press.
Sachs, J.and Woo, W.T. (1994a) "Understanding the Reform Experiences of China, Eastern Europe and Russia," Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 18, No. 3, June .
Sachs, Jeffrey, and Wing Thye Woo.(1994b), "Structural Factors in the Economic Reforms of China, Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union." Economic Policy, April, 18(1), pp. 102-145.
Sachs, J. and Woo, W.T. (1999), "Understanding China's Economic Performance", Journal of Policy Reforms, forthcoming.
Sachs, J. and Yang, X. (2000), Development Economics: Inframarginal versus Marginal Analyses, Cambridge, MA, Blackwell.
Schurmann, H. (1968), Ideology and Organization in Communist China, Berkeley, University of California Press.
Shea, Jia-Dong and Ya-Hwei Yang, (1994), "Taiwan's Financial System and the Allocation of Investment Funds," in Joel Aberbach, David Dollar and Kenneth Sokoloff (ed.), The Role of State in Taiwan's Development, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, N.Y., pp. 193-230.
Shi, H. and X. Yang (1995), "A New Theory of Industrialization", Journal of Comparative Economics, 20, 171-89.
Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R. (1992), "Pervasive Shortages Under Socialism," RAND Journal of Economics, 23, 237-46.
Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R. (1993), "The Politics of Market Socialism," Working Paper, Department of Economics, Harvard University.
Shleifer, Andrei (1998), "State versus Private Ownership," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12, 133-50.
Skousen, Mark (1997), "The Perseverance of Paul Samuelson's Economics." Journal Economic Perspective, 11, 137-53
Solinger, D. (1992), "Urban Entrepreneurs and the State: The Merger of State and Society," pp. 121-42 in State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform, edited by A. Rosenbaum. Boulder, Westview Press.
Taylower, George (1932), "Wholesale Commodity Prices at Charleston, South Carolina, 1732-1792", Journal of Economic and Business History, 4, 367.
Vogel, E. (1989), One Step Ahead in China: Guangdong Under Reform, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
Walder, A. (1986), "The Informal Dimension of Enterprise Financial Reforms", pp. 630-45 in The Chinese Economy Toward the Year 2000, Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Congress. Washington D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office.
Walder, A. (1989), "Factory and Manager in an Era of Reform", The China Quarterly, No. 118, June pp. 242-264.
Walder, A. (1992), "Local Bargaining Relationships and Urban Industrial Finance," pp. 308-33 in Bureaucracy, Politics, and Decision Making in Post Mao China, edited by K. Lieberthal and D. Lampton, Berkeley, University of California Press.
Walder, Andrew. (1995), "China's Transitional Economy: Interpreting its Significance." China Quarterly, December, 144, pp. 963-979.
Wang, J. (1992), "The Third Way of the Chinese Economic Reform: Establish an Institution of Competition. The Chinese Intellectual, 7, 8-24.
Wank, D. (1993), From State Socialism to Community Capitalism: State Power, Social Structure, and Private Enterprise in a Chinese City, Unpublished Ph. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Harvard University.
Weitzman, Martin; and Chenggang Xu. (1994), "Chinese Township Village Enterprises as Vaguely Defined Cooperatives." Journal of Comparative Economics, September, 18, pp. 121-145.
Wong, C. (1985), "Material Allocation and Decentralization: Impact of the Local Sector on Industrial Reform," in The Political Economy of Reform in Post Mao China, edited by E. Perry and C. Wong, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
Wong, C. (1986a), "The Economics of Shortage and Problems of Reform in Chinese Industry", Journal of Comparative Economics, 10, 363-87.
Wong, C. (1986b), "Ownership and Control in Chinese Industry: The Maoist Legacy and Prospects for the 1980s", pp. 571-602 in The Chinese Economy Toward the Year 2000, Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Congress. Washington D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office.
Woo, Wing Thye; Wen Hai; Yibiao Jin; and Gang Fan. (1994),"How Successful Has the Chinese Enterprise Reform Been?" Journal of Comparative Economics, June, 18(3), pp. 410-37.
Woodward, C. (1951), Origins of the New South, 1877-1913. New York,
World Bank (1984) World Development Report, Various issues, Washington, DC, World Bank.
Wu, Jieh-min (1998), Local Property Rights Regime in Socialist Reform: A Case Study of China's Informal Privatization. Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Political Science, Columbia University.
von Mises, L. (1922), Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis, Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, reprinted in 1981.
Xing, Yujing (1999), "Renminbi Ziben Xiangmo Keduihuan (Is Liberalization of Capital Account of China Urgent)", Economic Highlights, No. 38, p. 2.
Yang, X. (1994), "Endogenous vs. Exogenous Comparative Advantages and Economies of Specialization vs. Economies of Scale", Journal of Economics, 60, 29-54.
Yang, X. (1998). Dangdai Jingjixue He Zhongguo Jingji (Contemporary Economics and Chinese Economy), Beijing, Publishing House of China's Social Sciences.
Yang, X. and Ng, Y-K. (1993): Specialization and Economic Organization, a New Classical Microeconomic Framework, Amsterdam, North-Holland.
Yang, X. and Ng, Y-K. (1995): "Theory of the Firm and Structure of Residual Rights", Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 26, 107-28.
Yang, X. and Rice, R. (1994): "An Equilibrium Model Endogenizing the Emergence of a Dual Structure between the Urban and Rural Sectors", Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 25, 346-68.
Yang, X. and Shi, H. (1992), "Specialization and Product Diversity," American Economic Review, 82, 392-98.
Yang, X., Wang, J., and Wills, I. (1992), "Economic Growth, Commercialization, and Institutional Changes in Rural China, 1979-1987", China Economic Review, 3, 1-37.
Yi, Gang (1988), "The Efficiency of the Market and the Delimiting of Property Rights," China: Development and Reform, No 12, Beijing.
Young, Alwyn (1998) “Growth without Scale Effects,” Journal of Political Economy, 106, 41-63. Zaleski, E. (1980), Stalinist Planning for Economic Growth, 1933-1952, University of North Carolina Press.
Zhang, Gang (1993), "Government Intervention versus Marketisation in China's Rural Industries: The Role of Local Governments," National Workshop on Rural Industrialization in Post-Reform China, Beijing, China, October.
Zhang, Weiying (1999), The Theory of the Firm and China's Enterprise Reforms (Qiye Lilun Yu Zhongguo Qiye Gaige). Peking University Press. See also Zhang, W. (1986), Research Report on Economic System Reforms, No. 30.
Zhou, Taihe (1984), ed., Dangdai Zhongguo de Jingji Tizhi Gaige (Economic System Reforms in Contemporary China). Beijing: China Social Science Press.
Zhou, Qiren (1999), "Ba Chuangye Huangdao Diyiwei Lai, Ba Jiuye Huangdao Dierwei Qu (Put Founding Firms before Finding Jobs)", Economic Highlights, No. 37, p. 1.
Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina. (1998), "Incentives to Provide Local Public Goods: Fiscal Federalism, Russian Style."Mimeo, Harvard University.
Zweig, David. (1991), "Rural Industry: Constraining the Leading Growth Sector in China's Economy," Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Congress, China's Economics Dilemmas in the 1990s: The Problems of Reforms, Modernization, and Interdependence, April.